Pollination Ecology and Floral Evolution in Rocky Mountain Wildflowers
Explores how pollinators, seed predators, and outcrossing dynamics drive floral trait evolution and population genetic structure in Rocky Mountain plant communities, combining field experiments, electrophoresis, and null-model statistics.
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Research Primer
Background
Pollination ecology examines how flowering plants and their animal visitors — bees, hummingbirds, flies, moths, butterflies, and others — interact to move pollen between flowers, and how those interactions shape the evolution of floral traits like color, scent, shape, and nectar. The subalpine meadows around Gothic, Colorado, in the Gunnison Basin have been one of the world's most productive natural laboratories for this research for more than half a century. Wildflowers here bloom in a short, intense season tied to snowmelt, and their reproduction depends almost entirely on animal pollinators. Understanding those relationships matters for predicting how meadows will respond to climate change, for informing land stewardship, and for conserving the pollinators themselves.
A handful of ideas recur throughout the findings below. Pollination syndromes are the traditional notion that a flower's traits (for example, red tubular corollas with dilute nectar) predict its pollinator (for example, hummingbirds). Floral larceny refers to visitors such as nectar robbers that take nectar without transferring pollen, often by piercing the base of the flower. Plant-pollinator networks are maps of who visits whom in a community; link rewiring describes how those connections reshuffle through the season even when the same species are present. Optimal outcrossing distance captures the idea that pollen moved too short or too far a distance can both reduce seed success, favoring an intermediate mating range. Reciprocal hybridization is the experimental technique of crossing two species in both directions to separate maternal (cytoplasmic) from paternal effects, an important tool in the long-studied Ipomopsis aggregata by I. tenuituba hybrid zone near Gothic.
Other concepts appear in more specialized findings. Cognitive ecology asks how pollinator learning and memory shape foraging choices and, indirectly, plant evolution. Buzz pollination is the vibration bees use to shake pollen from tubular anthers. Antagonistic selection arises when different visitors (say, pollinators and seed predators) favor opposite trait values. And reproducible research practices — shared data and standardized protocols — have become a methodological frontier, especially in the chemistry of floral scent.
Foundational work
Decades of research at RMBL established the basic vocabulary of the field. Inouye's experimental removal of bumble bees showed that Bombus species partition flowers by matching tongue length to corolla depth, a classic demonstration of competitive resource partitioning (Inouye, 1978). In the same year, Waser showed that sequentially flowering Delphinium nelsonii and Ipomopsis aggregata compete for shared hummingbird pollinators, with overlap reducing seed set through interspecific pollen transfer (Waser, 1978). Pyke formalized bumble bee movement within and between inflorescences as optimal foraging (Pyke, 1978), while Inouye provided the standard terminology still used for nectar robbing and other forms of floral larceny (Inouye, 1980).
A second wave of foundational papers tackled plant mating and pollen transfer. Price and Waser demonstrated an optimal outcrossing distance in Delphinium nelsonii, showing that crosses between very close or very distant parents produced fewer viable offspring than intermediate crosses (Price & Waser, 1979). Harder and Thomson showed that bumble bees deposit only a tiny fraction of the pollen they remove from Erythronium grandiflorum, establishing that floral traits can evolve to package and dispense pollen across many visits (Harder & Thomson, 1989). Campbell and Halama experimentally separated pollen and resource limitation of seed set in I. aggregata, showing both can operate simultaneously (Campbell & Halama, 1993). Waser and colleagues then challenged the strict pollination syndrome view, arguing that most real pollination systems are more generalized and dynamic than textbook categories suggest (Waser et al., 1996).
Key findings
One of the strongest conclusions to emerge is that pollination syndromes — the idea that flower traits cleanly predict pollinators — are weaker than textbooks imply. A global test found that only about 1–6% of 482 species fell within a predicted syndrome cluster, and syndromes correctly predicted the main pollinator in only about a third of cases (Ollerton et al., 2009). Generalization is the rule, and visitor identity matters: pollen-collecting bees remove roughly twice as much pollen as nectar-collecting bumble bees but deposit an order of magnitude less on stigmas (Thomson & Thomson, 1991). Even apparent cheaters are ambiguous. Nectar robbers often pollinate the flowers they rob, and their net effects on plants can be positive, neutral, or negative depending on context (Maloof & Inouye, 2000), with strong negative impacts concentrated in pollen-limited, self-incompatible species and under heavy robbing intensity.
A second theme is the dynamism of plant-pollinator communities. Although the species list in a meadow can appear stable, week-to-week turnover of interactions is high and dominated by rewiring — species reshuffling which partners they visit — rather than species coming and going (CaraDonna et al., 2017). Network properties vary widely across the season in ways that are invisible in cumulative, season-long networks (Cuartas-Hernández et al., 2020). Experimental removals show why this flexibility matters: losing a single pollinator species reduces the floral fidelity of the remaining pollinators and cuts plant reproduction, even when other effective pollinators remain (Brosi & Briggs, 2013). Removing flowers of a dominant generalist like Helianthella reduces community-wide pollinator visitation by nearly half (Ogilvie & Forrest, 2022).
A third theme is the role of climate and water. Hummingbird visitation to Ipomopsis aggregata declines with reduced winter snow inputs, tightening pollen limitation in drier years (Brookes et al., 2016). Plants produce more seeds in years with later snowmelt, and projected earlier snowmelt is expected to cause population decline in I. aggregata (Campbell & Powers, 2019). Under drought, networks can both contract and expand: visitor abundance at I. aggregata was more than four times higher in drought years (Campbell et al., 2021), and drought networks showed higher connectance and more links per species (Ogilvie et al., 2022). These climate effects feed back into evolution. Floral traits in the Ipomopsis hybrid zone show measurable change across generations consistent with phenotypic selection (Campbell et al., 2018), and floral traits have substantially higher heritability than vegetative traits, giving them stronger evolutionary potential (Campbell et al., 2022).
Current frontier
Early work from the 1970s through the 1990s established foraging, competition, and mating-system foundations. Work since 2020 has shifted strongly toward how climate change alters floral traits, rewards, and interactions. Experimental warming with open-top chambers reduces pollinator visitation to Delphinium and Potentilla by more than 80% (Bergman et al., 2021) and increases Ipomopsis nectar production by 41% while subtly changing floral scent (Wu et al., 2025). Manipulations of snowmelt timing and summer precipitation show that floral volatile emissions respond to these shifts and that natural selection on scent itself changes with the environment (Powers et al., 2025). Temperature and humidity together shape nectar volume and concentration and, in turn, pollinator visitation rates (Wheeler, 2025), and temperature can shift pollinator floral choice independently of which species are present (Arrowsmith et al., 2025).
A parallel frontier asks whether plants can evolve fast enough to keep up. Models parameterized with long-term RMBL data suggest that evolutionary rescue via a single trait (specific leaf area) is possible in some I. aggregata populations but requires the combination of strong selection, high heritability, and phenotypic plasticity, and is undercut by year-to-year variability in snowmelt (Campbell et al., 2025). A broader synthesis of herbaceous model species finds evidence of climate-driven fitness loss and maladaptation in every species examined, with limited dispersal constraining rescue (Kooyers et al., 2025). Other emerging directions include nocturnal moth pollen-transport networks (Syskine & Boggs, 2025), the chemistry of pollen defense compounds (Rivest et al., 2024), sodium as an underappreciated nectar reward (VanValkenburg et al., 2024), and calls for more reproducible methods in floral volatile research (Kantsa et al., 2022).
Open questions
Several questions stand out for the next decade. How will rewiring buffer or fail to buffer meadows as warming, earlier snowmelt, and drought reshape both plant and pollinator communities? Can evolutionary rescue operate in multiple traits at once, and how does environmental stochasticity — not just gradual change — interact with plasticity and selection to determine population persistence? What roles do understudied players such as nectar microbes, nocturnal moths, and pollen chemistry play in shaping pollinator behavior and plant fitness? How do pre-zygotic post-pollination processes work when heterospecific pollen transfer is common even between distantly related species (Cohen et al., 2025)? And methodologically, how can floral volatile studies adopt reproducible standards so that cross-site comparisons become possible? Answering these questions will require continued long-term monitoring at sites like RMBL coupled with mechanistic experiments and stronger links between ecological and evolutionary models.
References
Arrowsmith, J., et al. (2025). Temperature influences pollinators' choice of floral partners independently of community composition. Journal of Animal Ecology. →
Bergman, E., et al. (2021). Open-top warming chambers reduce animal pollination of two subalpine herbs. →
Brookes, R. H., et al. (2016). Drought, pollen and nectar availability, and pollination success. →
Brosi, B. J., & Briggs, H. M. (2013). Single pollinator species losses reduce floral fidelity and plant reproductive function. PNAS. →
Campbell, D. R., & Halama, K. J. (1993). Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology. →
Campbell, D. R., & Powers, J. M. (2019). Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant. →
Campbell, D. R., et al. (2018). Clines in traits compared over two decades in a plant hybrid zone. →
Campbell, D. R., et al. (2021). Plant-pollinator interaction niche broadens in response to severe drought perturbations. →
Campbell, D. R., et al. (2022). Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone. →
Campbell, D. R., et al. (2025). Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change. Evolution Letters. →
CaraDonna, P. J., et al. (2017). Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks. Ecology Letters. →
Cohen, J. I., et al. (2025). Phylogeny does not predict the outcome of heterospecific pollen-pistil interactions in a species-rich alpine plant community. American Journal of Botany. →
Cuartas-Hernández, S., et al. (2020). Temporal flexibility in the structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks. →
Harder, L. D., & Thomson, J. D. (1989). Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants. American Naturalist. →
Inouye, D. W. (1978). Resource partitioning in bumblebees: experimental studies of foraging behavior. Ecology. →
Inouye, D. W. (1980). The terminology of floral larceny. Ecology. →
Kantsa, A., et al. (2022). An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. →
Kooyers, N. J., et al. (2025). Responses to climate change – insights and limitations from herbaceous plant model species. New Phytologist. →
Maloof, J. E., & Inouye, D. W. (2000). Are nectar robbers cheaters or mutualists? Ecology. →
Ogilvie, J. E., & Forrest, J. R. K. (2022). Removing flowers of a generalist plant changes pollinator visitation, composition, and interaction network structure. →
Ogilvie, J. E., et al. (2022). Simultaneous niche expansion and contraction in plant-pollinator networks under drought. →
Ollerton, J., et al. (2009). A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis. Annals of Botany. →
Powers, J. M., et al. (2025). Natural selection on floral volatiles and other traits can change with snowmelt timing and summer precipitation. New Phytologist. →
Price, M. V., & Waser, N. M. (1979). Pollen dispersal and optimal outcrossing in Delphinium nelsoni. Nature. →
Pyke, G. H. (1978). Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences. Theoretical Population Biology. →
Rivest, S., et al. (2024). Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen rewarding plant. Ecology. →
Syskine, I., & Boggs, C. L. (2025). Flying by night: Comparing nocturnal pollinator networks over time in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Ecological Entomology. →
Thomson, J. D., & Thomson, B. A. (1991). Heterogeneity among floral visitors leads to discordance between removal and deposition of pollen. →
VanValkenburg, A., et al. (2024). Sodium enriched nectar shapes plant-pollinator interactions in a subalpine meadow. Ecology and Evolution. →
Waser, N. M. (1978). Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers. Ecology. →
Waser, N. M., Chittka, L., Price, M. V., Williams, N. M., & Ollerton, J. (1996). Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology. →
Wheeler, K. (2025). Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions. →
Wu, S., et al. (2025). Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs. Annals of Botany. →
Concept (14) →
optimal outcrossing distance
Distance range that maximizes pollen fertilization success and offspring survival
fixation indices
F-statistics (FIS, FST, FIT) measuring genetic differentiation and inbreeding at different hierarchical levels
multidimensional phenospace
The extent of possible variation in a particular phenotypic trait where different dimensions represent the extent of phenotypic variation in two trait...
hybrid breakdown
Reduced fitness in F2 hybrids compared to F1 hybrids, often attributed to genetic incompatibilities between nuclear genes
total fitness
Population growth rate (λ) integrating all vital rate components equivalent to average fitness component across a lineage or population
reciprocal hybridization
Crosses between two species where each species serves as both maternal and paternal parent, allowing study of cytoplasmic inheritance effects
pathogen transmission
Spread of disease between individuals through various mechanisms including spore dispersal
scent emission
reproducible research
Research practices that allow independent researchers to reproduce results using the same methods and data
cognitive ecology
Study of how cognitive mechanisms govern decision-making by floral visitors and shape pollination and plant fitness
Show 4 more concepts
assortative mating
Non-random mating where individuals preferentially mate with similar individuals
buzz pollination
Pollination behavior where bumblebees make vibrations that knock pollen out of plant anthers, fertilizing the plant and allowing quicker seed and frui...
link rewiring
antagonistic selection
Selection pressures that oppose each other within or between levels of biological organization
Protocol (10) →
Starch gel electrophoresis (Polemoniaceae)
Standard enzyme electrophoresis technique used to determine genotypes at the 6PGD-2 locus for parentage assignment. Distinguishes between homozygous m...
Null model permutation testing
Generation of null models that maintain interaction totals per species while randomizing interaction patterns, followed by permutation tests to assess...
Transect-based seed sampling for plant population genetics (Ranunculaceae)
Systematic collection of seeds from plants along established transects for genetic analysis. Seeds collected within defined distances of sampling poin...
Microsatellite genotyping (Polemoniaceae)
PCR amplification of microsatellite loci followed by capillary electrophoresis for allele sizing and polymorphism assessment.
Evolutionary rescue modeling with environmental stochasticity
Development of deterministic and stochastic population models incorporating empirical estimates of selection, heritability, and phenotypic plasticity ...
Hybrid zone cline analysis over elevational gradient (Polemoniaceae)
Long-term monitoring of plant morphological traits across permanent transects spanning a hybrid zone between two Ipomopsis species along an elevationa...
reflectance-based chlorophyll index (Polemoniaceae)
Non-destructive estimation of leaf chlorophyll concentration using reflectance spectroscopy and vegetation indices.
Ordinal rust infection severity assessment
Weekly assessment of fungal rust infection using a 6-class ordinal scale from absent (0) to 75-100% infected (5), with infection location recorded.
Split-plot experimental design
Replicated split-plot design with snowmelt manipulated at plot level and precipitation manipulated at subplot level.
negative binomial regression
Statistical analysis using zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed models to account for excess zeros in ecological count data, speci...
Publication (372) →
Selection of floral traits by pollinators and seed predators during sequential life history stages
Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers
Floral larceny: Implications, resistance, and the potential for tolerance
Earlier snow melt and reduced summer precipitation alter floral traits important to pollination
Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: a seven-year study
Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population
Analyzing pollinator-mediated selection in a plant hybrid zone: hummingbird visitation patterns on three spatial scales
Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant
Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters
Drought, pollen and nectar availability, and pollination success
Show 362 more publications
Bottom-up effects of nutrient enrichment on plants, pollinators, and their interactions
Floral reward strategies, visitor behavior, and plant reproductive outcomes
Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs
Comparative impacts of long-term trends in snowmelt and species interactions on plant population dynamics
Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks
Responses to climate change – insights and limitations from herbaceous plant model species
Linking pollinator visitation rate and pollen receipt
Altered precipitation affects plant hybrids differently than their parental species
Conditional Exploitation and Context-Dependent Fitness Consequences of Pollination Mutualisms
Measurements of selection in a hermaphroditic plant: variation in male and female pollination success
Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species
Phenotypic plasticity of floral volatiles in response to increasing drought stress
Nectar Robbing in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>: Effects on Pollinator Behavior and Plant Fitness
Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone
Temporal scale-dependence of plant–pollinator networks
The structure of plant-pollinator interactions in montane meadow environments
Reciprocal benefits in a plant-pollinator mutualism
Competitive context drives pollinator behavior: linking foraging plasticity, natural pollen deposition, and plant reproduction.
Nectar robbing in Ipomopsis aggregata: does high nectar production confer tolerance?
The terminology of floral larceny
Components of Phenotypic Selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata
The impact of floral larceny on individuals, populations, and communities
Plant–pollinator interaction niche broadens in response to severe drought perturbations
Phenotypic plasticity and selection on leaf traits in response to snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
The dual role of floral traits: pollinator attraction and plant defense
Predicting the effects of nectar robbing on plant reproduction: implications of pollen limitation and plant mating system
Resource partitioning in bumblebees: experimental studies of foraging behavior
Single pollinator species losses reduce floral fidelity and plant reproductive function
Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
Perturbations in plant-pollinator networks: Integrating theoretical and empirical approaches to understand responses to global change
Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change
Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
Lifetime fitness in two generations of <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrids
Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color
Bridging the generation gap in plants: pollination, parental fecundity, and offspring demography
Ecophysiology of first and second generation hybrids in a natural plant hybrid zone
Realized tolerance to nectar robbing: compensation to floral enemies in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Roles of pollinators, seed predators, and vertebrate herbivores in maintaining females in the gynodioecious <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>.
Direct and indirect effects of pollinators and seed predators to selection on plant and floral traits
Clines in traits compared over two decades in a plant hybrid zone
Temporal flexibility in the structure of plant–pollinator interaction networks
The evolutionary ecology of ultraviolet floral pigmentation
Beyond biomass: measuring the effects of community-level nitrogen enrichment on floral traits, pollinator visitation and plant reproduction
Effects of high temperature and early snowmelt on floral morphology and volatile organic compounds in <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i>
Natural selection on floral volatiles and other traits can change with snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
Effects of Local Density on Pollination and Reproduction in <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i> and <i>Aconitum columbianum</i> (Ranunculaceae)
Floral scent in natural hybrids of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae) and their two parental species
Predicting patterns of mating and potential hybridization from pollinator behavior
Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences
Photosynthetic and growth responses of reciprocal hybrids to variation in water and nitrogen availability
Nectar production patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Evolution of floral traits in a hermaphroditic plant: field measurements of heritabilities and genetic correlations
Effects of floral traits on sequential components of fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
Consequences of nectar robbing for realized male function in a hummingbird-pollinated plant
Is Plant Fitness Proportional to Seed Set? An Experiment and a Spatial Model
Ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions
Effects of road dust on the pollination and reproduction of wildflowers
Genetic and environmental variation in life-history traits of a monocarpic perennial: a decade-long field experiment
Removing flowers of a generalist plant changes pollinator visitation, composition, and interaction network structure
Nectar addition changes pollinator behavior but not plant reproduction in pollen rewarding <i> Lupinus argenteus</i>
Predispersal Seed Predation Obscures the Detrimental Effect of Dust on Wildflower Reproduction
Interpopulation variation and optimal mating in the perennial herb, Polemonium brandegeei
Why are some plant-nectar robber interactions commensalisms?
Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions
Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy
Additive effects of herbivory, nectar robbing and seed predation on male and female fitness components of the host plant <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
The hole truth: why do bumble bees rob flowers more than once?
Are nectar robbers cheaters or mutualists?
Stimulation of flower nectar replenishment by removal: a survey of eleven animal-pollinated plant species
Interactions between nectar robbers and seed predators mediated by a shared host plant, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Mechanisms of tolerance to floral larceny in two animal-pollinated wildflowers, <i>Polemonium viscosum</i> and <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Impact of nectar robbing on estimates of pollen flow: conceptual predictions and emperical outcomes
Adaptive speciation
Heterospecific pollen deposition in <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i>: linking stigmatic pollen loads to reproductive output in the field
Pollinator shifts and the origin and loss of plant species
Effects of nectar robbing on nectar dynamics and bumblebee foraging strategies in Linaria vulgaris
Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs
Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber
The sensory and cognitive ecology of nectar robbing
Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs and impacts on pollinators
Bumblebee response to variation in nectar availability
Genetic and morphological patterns show variation in frequency of hybrids between <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoneaceae) zones of sympatry
Adaptive significance of flower color and inter-trait correlations in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
Effects of flowering plant density on pollinator visitation, pollen receipt, and seed production in <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i>
Floral phenotypic response of <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i> and related hybrids to changing soil moisture and nitrogen enrichment
Pollinator choice and stabilizing selection for flower color in Delphinium nelsonii
Pollen precedence and stigma closure: a mechanism of competition for pollination between Delphinium nelsonii and Ipomopsis aggregata
The behavioral ecology of nectar robbing: why be tactic constant?
Optimal outcrossing in Ipomopsis aggregata: seed set and offspring fitness
Reproductive isolation and hybrid pollen disadvantage in <i>Ipomopsis</i>
Environmental stressors differentially affect leaf ecophysiological responses in two <i>Ipomopsis</i> species and their hybrids
Birds Perceive More Intraspecific Color Variation in Bird-Pollinated Than Bee-Pollinated Flowers
Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric <i>Delphinium</i> (Ranunculaceae) species
Investigating the impact of pollinator- and seed predator-mediated selection on floral traits in an <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> and <i>I. tenuituba</i> (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone
Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and divergence of pollination modes in <i>Penstemon</i>
Effective mutualism between sequentially flowering plant species
Density-dependent demographic responses of a semelparous plant to natural variation in seed rain
Simultaneous niche expansion and contraction in plant–pollinator networks under drought
A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species
Leaf physiology reflects environmental differences and cytoplasmic background in <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrids
Inflorescence size: test of the male function hypothesis
Comparing clines in floral and vegetative traits along an elevation gradient in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
Reproductive costs of self-pollination in Ipomopsis aggregata: are ovules usurped?
Pollen presentation and pollination syndromes, with special reference to <i>Penstemon</i>
Self-sterility in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae) is due to prezygotic ovule degeneration
Pollinator specialization: from the individual to the community
When resources don't rescue: flowering phenology and species interactions affect compensation to herbivory in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis
Life-history consequences of vegetative damage in scarlet gilia, a monocarpic plant
Phylogeny does not predict the outcome of heterospecific pollen–pistil interactions in a species-rich alpine plant community
Pollen dispersal and optimal outcrossing in Delphinium nelsoni
Pollen transport and deposition by bumble bees in Erythronium: influences of floral nectar and bee grooming
Size-specific interaction patterns and size matching in a plant-pollinator interaction web
Yeasts in nectar enhance male fitness in a montane perennial herb
Experimental species removals impact the architecture of pollination networks
Temperature influences pollinators' choice of floral partners independently of community composition
Effect of Road Dust Deposition on the Floral Lifespan of Scarlet gilia, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Effects of nectar robbing on pollen deposition and hummingbird-pollinator behavior in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Plasticity and changes in selection in response to changing precipitation regimes
Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant
Selection of trait combinations through bee and fly visitation to flowers of <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>
Nectar Yeasts in the Tall Larkspur <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i> (Ranunculaceae) and Effects on Components of Pollinator Foraging Behavior
Oviposition patterns and larval success of a pre-dispersal seed predator attacking two confamilial host plants
Community context mediates effects of pollinator loss on seed production
Open-top warming chambers reduce animal pollination of two subalpine herbs
The effects of a bumble bee nectar robber on plant reproductive success and pollinator behavior
Genetic and environmental variation in leaf traits and physiology of <i>Ipomopsis</i>
Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology
The effects of snowmelt date, soil moisture, and precipitation on nectar and floral morphology of Ipomopsis
Genotype-by-environment interaction and the fitness of plant hybrids in the wild
Pollinator traits and competitive context shape dynamic foraging behavior in bee communities
'Anti-bee' and 'pro-bird' changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers
Hummingbird avoidance of nectar-robbed plants: spatial location or visual cues
Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions
The effects of road dust on pollination and reproduction of the native wildflower species, <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i>
Butterflies show flower colour preferences but not constancy in foraging at four plant species
Plasticity in Ipomopsis flower color and nectar production over space and time in response to water availability
Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant-pollinator communitiy: the importance of sugar content and tongue length
Volatile organic compounds as signals for pollinators and their consistency across years
Asymmetrical pollen success in Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) contact sites
A trade-off between the frequency and duration of bumblebee visits to flowers
Elevational and temporal variation in Ipomopsis floral and vegetative traits.
Demographic responses of hybridizing cinquefoils to changing climate in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Dose-dependent effects of nectar alkaloids in a montane plant-pollinator community
Food supply and nest timing of broad-tailed hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains
Biotic and abiotic drivers of pathogen prevalence in a rust fungus with multiple plant hosts
Indirect selection of stigma position in Ipomopsis aggregata via a genetically correlated trait
Water-use efficiency may influence the distribution of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>, <i>I. tenuituba</i>, and their natural hybrids along an environmental gradient
Heterogeneity among floral visitors leads to discordance between removal and deposition of pollen
An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles
Quantifying Nectar Resources in Bumble Bee Visited Plants
Variability in the effectiveness of <i>Penstemon strictus</i> pollinators and the role that water availability plays
How does road dust influence Ipomopsis pollination?
Sweet and salty: Pollinators and sodium-enriched nectar
Experimental studies of pollen carryover: hummingbirds and Ipomopsis aggregata
Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition for pollination
Investigating the potential mechanism behind bumble bee preference for Corydalis flowers inhabited by nectar specialist yeast
Comparing pollen dispersal and gene flow in a natural plant population
The Impact of Primary and Secondary Robbing on Hummingbird Pollination.
Seed set and seed mass in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>: variance partitioning and inferences about postpollination selection
Elucidating the influence of a nectar yeast and nectar robbing on bumblebee foraging tactic constancy
Effects of Interspecific Pollen Transfer (IPT) in a Specialist and a Generalist Flower
Using the literature to test pollination syndromes - some methodological cautions
Costs and benefits of alternative food handling tactics help explain facultative exploitation of pollination mutualisms
Road Dust, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> Seed Count, and attack by <i>Hylemya</i> Flies—Are they Linked?
Spatial genetic heterogeneity in a population of the montane perennial plant Delphinium nelsonii
Variation in bill morphology and pollen prevalence in the Broad-Tailed Hummingbird (<i>Selasphorus platycercus</i>)
Is there a positive correlation between bee size and size parameters of the flowers the bees visit for pollen to provision their nests?
Pollinator behaviour and natural selection for flower colour in Delphinium nelsonii
Flying by night: Comparing nocturnal pollinator networks over time in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Fit or Unlit: using quantum dots to investigate the effects of a floricolous yeast and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
The spatial variation of leaf traits in <i> Ipomopsis </i> according to soil moisture and snow depth
Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers
The Effect of Dominant Floral Resource Removal on Plant-Pollinator Interactions
Effects of water availability on expression of vegetative traits in Ipomopsis across space and time
Resistance to pre-dispersal seed predators in a natural hybrid zone
Pollinator-mediated selection on a flower color polymorphism in experimental populations of <i>Antirrhinum</i> (Scrophulariaceae)
Using phenotypic manipulations to study multivariate selection of floral trait associations
Snowmelt Timing Leads to Plasticity and Alters Natural Selection on Leaf Traits in <i> Ipomopsis </i>
Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: <i>Corydalis caseana</i> A. Gray ssp. <i>brandegei</i> (S. Watson) G. B. Ownbey
Pollen transfer by natural hybrids and parental species in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
The Effects of Early Snowmelt on Drought Stress in Subalpine Plant Species
Determining changes in floral volatile composition of <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i> in response to nectar robbing and its associated microorganisms
Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: testing the marginal value theorem
Impacts of snowmelt timing and precipitation on the expression of vegetative traits and floral traits in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
The Effects of Exclusion Bags and Open-Top Chambers on Pollinator Activity
The Role of <i>Castilleja spp.</i> In Plant and Mycorrhizae Communities Within Various Climates
Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants.
Trapline foraging by pollinators: its ontogeny, economics and possible consequences for plants
Effects of Experimental Water Addition on Floral Nectar Traits
A study of correlational selection through floral manipulations of <i></i>Polemonium foliosissimum<i></i> (Polemoniaceae)
The effects of ungulate herbivory and nutrient variation on pollen reciept in Ipomopsis aggregata
The Impact of Delphinium nuttallianum and Ipomopsis aggregata Phenology on Broad tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) Visitation Patterns
The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: comparison with models of isolation by distance
Determining pollinator behavior differences bumblebees and flies.
The effects of floral fragrance manipulations of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> on the seed predator <i>Hylemya</i>
The Impact of Delphinium nuttallianum and Ipomopsis aggregata Phenology on Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) Visitation Patterns
Pollinators of the Rocky Mountain columbine: temporal variation, functional groups and associations with floral traits
Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations
Bumblebee foraging on vertical inflorescences: optimal or not?
Bill Morphology and Niche Partitioning in <i>Selasphorus platycercus</i>
Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution
Variation in pollinator preference between two <i>Ipomopsis</i> contact sites that differ in hybridization rate
Optimal foraging in bumblebees and coevolution with their plants
Fungal Phytopathogens Decrease Plant-Insect Interactions.
Pollinator selection by floral traits and color in a hybrid zone of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> and <i>I. tenuituba</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Effect of Nitrogen on Linaria vulgaris and Native Species
The impacts of early snowmelt and summer precipitation on the physiology and leaf morphology of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Consequences of Pollination Neighborhood Composition and Pollinator Communities
Quantifying the effects of pollen load and heterospecific pollen ratio on the species <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i> (Ranunculaceae)
Volatile production by the buds and corollas of two sympatric, confamial plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum
Nectar robbing patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata and Linaria vulgaris
Evolutionary dynamics of an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone: confronting models with lifetime fitness data
Plant reproduction and optimal foraging: experimental nectar manipulations in Delphinium nelsonii
Consequences of Nectar Robbing in Colorado Wildflowers: Insect Variation and Nectar Sugar Concentration
Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: evidence for hot and cold spots
Efficient harvesting of renewing resources
Effects of Floral Abundance, Pollinator Interactions, and Floral Morphology on Stigmatic Pollen Deposition
Environmental Correlates and Fitness Consequences of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Boechera stricta.
Testing the oviposition cues that drive preference of <i></i>Hylemya<i></i> for different sexes of <i></i>Polemonium foliosissimum<i></i>
Patterns of color and nectar variation across an <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone
Optimal nectar production in a hummingbird pollinated plant
Temporal variation in high elevation plant-pollinator communities
Why red flowers are not invisible to bees
The effect of Delphinium nelsonii pollen on seed set in Ipomopsis aggregata, a competitor for hummingbird pollination
Differential success of pollen donors in a self-compatible lily
Effects of floral traits, pollinator visitation, and plant size on Ipomopsis aggregata fruit production
Mutualistic Networks Over Time: The Effects of Changing Floral Abundances on Plant- Pollinator Interactions
Geographical variation in hybridization of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae): testing the role of photosynthetic responses to temperature and water
Observing pollinator trait variation in relation to niche breadth in seasons of high and low precipitation
Does road dust affect growth rates in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>?
Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of <i>Penstemon</i> (Scrophulariaceae)
Niche partitioning due to adaptive foraging reverses effects of nestedness and connectance on pollination network stability
What are the bees' needs? Analyzing the diet breadth for three Rocky Mountain Bumble Bees
Investigating the Effect of Drought on Floral Traits Mediating Pollinator Interactions
In your stomach or in your nectar? Disentangling the effects of two pollination-related yeasts on bumblebee behavior and foraging
Untangling the seasonal dynamics of plant-pollinator communities
Physiological and Morphological Changes in Ipomopsis aggregata Along an Elevational Gradient
The effect of changing floral density on pollinator networks in a subalpine meadow environment
The effects of water and phosphorus on floral traits and nectar production of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Hybridization and pollinator behavior in <i>Castilleja</i> (Orobanchaceae)
The effects of the invasive plant <i>Linaria vulgaris</i> on native plant fitness and pollinator behavior
Ecological causes and consequences of flower color polymorphism in <i>Boechera stricta</i>
Does Road Dust Affect Hylemya Oviposition in Scarlet Gilia (<i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>)?
Impacts of drought gradient on pollen limitation in flowers in dry subalpine meadows
Characterizing nectar content in wet and dry subalpine meadows during an extreme summer drought
The effects of primary and secondary nectar robbing of Ipomopsis aggregata on hummingbird visitation.
Effects of Temperature and Competitor Abundance on Bumble Bee Foraging
Effects of nectar robbing on the volatile organic compounds and nectar chemistry of intraindividual flowers in <i> Corydalis caseana </i> ssp. <i> brandegeei </i>
The effects of floral traits on the behaviors of pollinators and pre-dispersal seed predators in a gynodioecious species, <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>.
Interactions among nectar robbing, floral herbivory, and ant protection in <i>Linaria vulgaris</i>
Hierarchical analysis of allozymic and morphometric variation in a montane herb, Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Rescue of stranded pollen grains by secondary transfer
The Effects of Soil Nitrogen Availability on Plant Reproduction and Solitary Bee Behavior
Effects of Bombus Pollinator Removal on Fly Foraging Behavior.
Diptera behavioral response to targeted <i>Bombus</i> removal
Pollinator-mediate selection in Ipomopsis aggregata: does correlational selection explain floral phenotypes?
Geitonogamy: the neglected side of selfing
The effect of nectar guides on pollinator preference: experimental studies with a montane herb
Reciprocal transplant experiments with Delphinium nelsonii (Ranunculaceae): evidence for local adaptation
Testing the marginal value theorem on Bombus appositus and Bombus nevadensis
Observing the effects of a nectar-inhabiting bacterium, Pantoea sp., and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
Impact of Decreased Flower Attractiveness on Pollinator Visitation Rates and Pollinator Community Composition
Optimal foraging, plant density and the marginal value theorem
Experimental studies of pollen carryover: effects of floral variability in Ipomopsis aggregata
Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen rewarding plant
Consequences of secondary nectar robbing for male components of plant reproduction
Does Floral Nectar Depth Correlate With Pollinator Proboscis Length?
Pollinator foraging behavior and gene dispersal in Senecio (Compositae)
Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator interaction rewiring
Tests of pre- and postpollination barriers to hybridization between sympatric species of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Relative success of self and outcross pollen comparing mixed- and single-donor pollinations in <i>Aquilegia caerulea</i>
Color polymorphism in <i>Boechera stricta</i> due to phenotypic plasticity and reproductive advantage
Sodium enriched nectar shapes plant–pollinator interactions in a subalpine meadow
Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: rule of movement between inflorescences
Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions
Quantifying within-season floral trait distributions of flowers in Colorado Rocky Mountain sub-alpine dry meadows.
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: rule of movement between flowers within inflorescences
Plant-Pollinator Interactions between Erigeron speciosus and Heterotheca villosa in Virginia Basin
Attracting pollinators and avoiding herbivores: insects influence plant traits within and across years
Testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses using path analysis and structural equation modelling
Effects of water availability on the relationship between seed set and pollen received in Ipomopsis aggregate.
The distribution of standing crop of nectar: what does it really tell us?
Improving our chemistry: Challenges and opportunities in the interdisciplinary study of floral volatiles
Trapline foraging by bumblebees: I. Persistence of flight-path geometry
Pollination, angiosperm speciation, and the nature of species boundaries
Context-dependent pollinator behavior: An explanation for patterns of hybridization among three species of Indian paintbrush
Variation in sex allocation and floral morphology in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Mysteries of road dust: Does road dust influence flower lifespan in scarlet gilia?
The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado
DOES LINARIA VULGARIS, AN INVASIVE, INTERFERE WITH THE POLLINATION OF THE NATIVE SPECIES, POTENTILLA PULCHERRIMA?
Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: probable causes
Quantitative genetics of sequential life-history and juvenile traits in the partially selfing perennial, <i>Aquilegia caerulea</i>
Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: reward economics and floral choice
Pollinator flight directionality and the assessment of pollen returns
Variation in pollen flow within and among populations of Ipomopsis aggregata
Systematic increase in pollen carryover and its consequences for geitonogamy in plant populations
Impact of insect pollinator group and floral display size on outcrossing rate
Foraging in bumblebees: rule of departure from an inflorescence
Optimal foraging: a case for random movement
Comment on Cognition-mediated evolution of low-quality floral nectars.
Does road dust have an effect on nectar production in <i> pomopsis aggregata </i>?
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: hunting by expectation
Microsatellite loci in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae) and cross-species applicability for ecological genetics studies
Olfactory versus visual cues in a floral mimicry system
Hybridization between the invasives <i>Tragopogon pratensis</i> and <i>T. dubius</i> in the Gunnison Valley
The effect of nectar production on neighborhood size
Talking Yeast: The characterization of bumblebee- and nectar- specialist yeast volatiles in Corydalis caseana
Pollination Syndrome variance among foraging bumblebee species in Gothic Colorado
Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen
Floral sex allocation in sequentially blooming plants
Bumblebee foraging responses to variation in floral scent and color in snapdragons (Antirrhinum: Scrophulariaceae)
The evolution of plant mating systems: multilocus simulations of pollen dispersal
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: calculation of net rate of energy intake and optimal patch choice
Sources of variation in plant reproductive success, and implications for concepts of sexual selection
Flowering plant density and pollinator visitation in Senecio
Optimal foraging: random movement by pollen collecting bumblebees
40 years of progress in pollination biology, and what it means for citizen scientists
Tangled trios?: Characterizing a hybrid zone in <i>Castilleja</i> (Orobanchaceae)
Functions of staminate flowers in andromonoecious <i>Pseudocymopterus montanus</i> (Apiaceae, Apioideae)
Polyploidy in Indian paintbrush (<i>Castilleja</i>; Orobanchaccae) species shapes but does not prevent gene flow across species boundaries
Spatial and temporal components of resource assessment by flower-feeding insects
Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occurring plant species
Dispersal of Erythronium grandiflorum pollen by bumblebees: implications for gene flow and reproductive success
Floral morphology and cross-pollination in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)
Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants
Multiple paternity in fruits of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Germination schedules of pollen grains: implications for pollen selection
Experimental manipulation of plant density and its effect on pollination and reproduction of two confamilial montane herbs
The effect of plant density on departure decisions: testing the marginal value theorem using bumblebees and Delphinium nelsonii
Crossing distance effects on prezygotic performance in plants: an argument for female choice
Pollen-pollen and pollen-style interactions during pollen tube growth in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: why is nectar left behind in flowers?
Hypotheses for the evolution of dioecy in seed plants
Patch dynamics of a foraging assemblage of bees
Gender inequality in predispersal seed predation contributes to female seed set advantage in a gynodioecious species
Patterns of rust infection as a function of host genetic diversity and host density in natural populations of the apomictic crucifer, <i>Arabis holboellii</i>
Pollen tube attrition in Erythronium grandiflorum
Bedazzled by flowers
The breeding systems of six species of <i>Arabis</i> (Brassicaceae)
What plant ecologists can learn from zoology
Competition for pollination and the evolution of flowering time
Sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants
Calculating nectar production rates: residual nectar and optimal foraging
Nectar standing crops in Delphinium nelsonii flowers: spatial autocorrelation among plants?
Floral formula inconstancy within and among plants and populations of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
The use and abuse of pollinators by fungi
Hawkmoths and the geographic patterns of floral variation in Aquilegia caerulea
Pollen discounting in Erythronium grandiflorum: mass-action estimates from pollen transfer dynamics
Trapline foraging by bumble bees: II. Definition and detection from sequence data
Tactics for male reproductive success in plants: contrasting insights of sex allocation theory and pollen presentation theory
Spatial and temporal patterns of floral inconstancy in plants and populations of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Why hummingbirds hover and honeyeaters perch
Hibernation in the Gunnison's prairie dog
Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds
Patterns in plant parthenogenesis
Variation in pollen size, fertilization ability and postfertilization siring ability in Erythronium grandiflorum
Zen Ecology and the origin of scientific ideas
Competition among pollinators: quantification of available resources
Cryptic species in the Puccinia monoica complex
A plant pathogen influences pollinator behavior and may influence reproduction of nonhosts
Dataset (24) →
Data from: Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone
Premise: Genetic variation influences potential for evolution to rescue populations from impacts of environmental change. Most studies of genetic vari...
Data from: Comparative impacts of long-term trends in snowmelt and species interactions on plant population dynamics
Climate change can impact plant fitness and population persistence directly through changing abiotic conditions and indirectly through its effects on ...
Data from: Is plant fitness proportional to seed set? An experiment and a spatial model
Individual differences in fecundity often serve as proxies for differences in overall fitness, especially when it is difficult to track the fate of an...
Leaf gas exchange in Ipomopsis aggregata under manipulated snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
Vegetative traits of plants can respond directly to changes in the environment, such as those occurring under climate change. That phenotypic plastici...
Data from: Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks
Whether species interactions are static or change over time has wide-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, species interaction n...
Data for: Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change
Evolutionary adaptation can allow a population to persist in the face of a new environmental challenge. With many populations now threatened by enviro...
Data from: Selection of floral traits by pollinators and seed predators during sequential life history stages
Organismal traits often influence fitness via interactions with multiple species. That selection is not necessarily predictable from pairwise interact...
Data from: Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
1. Plants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant-animal interactions in natural systems can be highly compl...
Data from: Phylogeny does not predict the outcome of heterospecific pollen-pistil interactions in a species-rich alpine plant community
Premise: Co-occurring plant species that share generalist pollinators often exchange pollen. This heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT) impacts male an...
Data from: Temporal scale-dependence of plant-pollinator networks
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Show 14 more datasets
Data from: Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant – pollinator community: the importance of sugar content and tongue length
A longstanding question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size mat...
Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
In ecological speciation, incipient species diverge due to natural selection that is ecologically based. In flowering plants, different pollinators co...
Data from: Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
Mutualisms are only rarely one-to-one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualism...
Data from: Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant
Interactions between a native plant species and its pollinators, herbivores, or microbiome can be affected by the presence of non-native plant speci...
Data from: Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers
In western North America, hummingbirds can be observed systematically visiting flowers that lack the typical reddish color, tubular morphology, and di...
Data from: Experimental species removals impact the architecture of pollination networks
Mutualistic networks are key for the creation and maintenance of biodiversity, yet are threatened by global environmental change. Most simulation mode...
Data from: Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color
Reproductive isolation due to pollinator behavior is considered a key mode of speciation in flowering plants. Although floral scent is thought to medi...
Why are some plant—nectar robber interactions commensalisms?
Many plants that bear hidden or recessed floral nectar experience nectar robbing, the removal of nectar by a floral visitor through holes pierced in t...
Impacts of beekeeping on wild bee diversity and pollination networks in the Aegean Archipelago
Maintaining the diversity of wild bees is a priority for preserving ecosystem function and promoting stability and productivity of agroecosystems. How...
Data from: Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber
In mutualistic interactions, the decision whether to cooperate or cheat depends on the relative costs and benefits of each strategy. In pollination mu...
Heiling.et.al.Oikos.2018.data
An Excel workbook of data for Heiling et al 2018. First sheet is a metadata file, all other sheets are arrange chronologically. Sheet names describe t...
Temperature influences pollinator' choice of floral partners independently of community composition
[object Object]
Data supplementing Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology
This dataset contains data and scripts that supplement the publication Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee ...
Data from: Coordinated species importation policies are needed to reduce serious invasions globally: the case of alien bumblebees in South America
The global trade of species promotes diverse human activities but also facilitates the introduction of potentially invasive species into new environme...